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Image fusion is the process by which two or more images are combined into a single image retaining the important features from each of the original images. The fusion of images is often required for images acquired from different instrument modalities or capture techniques of the same scene or objects. Important applications of the fusion of images include medical imaging, microscopic imaging, remote sensing, computer vision, and robotics. Fusion techniques include the simplest method of pixel averaging to more complicated methods such as principal component analysis and wavelet transform fusion. Several approaches to image fusion can be distinguished, depending on whether the images are fused in the spatial domain or they are transformed into another domain, and their transforms fused.

With the development of new imaging sensors arises the need of a meaningful combination of all employed imaging sources. The actual fusion process can take place at different levels of information representation, a generic categorization is to consider the different levels as, sorted in ascending order of abstraction: signal, pixel, feature and symbolic level. This focuses on the so-called pixel level fusion process, where a composite image has to be built of several input images. To date, the result of pixel level image fusion is considered primarily to be presented to the human observer, especially in image sequence fusion (where the input data consists of image sequences). A possible application is the fusion of forward looking infrared (FLIR) and low light visible images (LLTV) obtained by an airborne sensor platform to aid a pilot navigate in poor weather conditions or darkness. In pixel-level image fusion, some generic requirements can be imposed on the fusion result. The fusion process should preserve all relevant information of the input imagery in the composite image (pattern conservation) The fusion scheme should not introduce any artifacts or inconsistencies which would distract the human observer or following processing stages .The fusion process should be shift and rotational invariant, i.e. the fusion result should not depend on the location or orientation of an object the input imagery .In case of image sequence fusion arises the additional problem of temporal stability and consistency of the fused image sequence. The human visual system is primarily sensitive to moving light stimuli, so moving artifacts or time depended contrast changes introduced by the fusion process are highly distracting to the human observer. So, in case of image sequence fusion the two additional requirements apply. Temporal stability: The fused image sequence should be temporal stable, i.e. gray level changes in the fused sequence must only be caused by gray level changes in the input sequences, they must not be introduced by the fusion scheme itself; Temporal consistency: Gray level changes occurring in the input sequences must be present in the fused sequence without any delay or contrast change.

Cellular Neural Networks (CNN) a revolutionary concept and an experimentally proven computing paradigm for analog computers. A standard CNN architecture consists of an m*n rectangular array of cells c(i,j) with Cartesian co-ordinates. Considering inputs and outputs of a cell as binary arguments. It can realize Boolean functions. using this technology, analog computers mimic anatomy & physiology of many sensory& processing organs with stored programmability. this has been called “sensor revolution” with cheap sensors &mems arrays in desired forms of artificial eyes, ears, nose etc. Such a computer is capable of computing 3 trillion equivalent digital operations/sec, a performance that can be only matched by super computers. CNN chips are mainly used in processing brain-like tasks due to its unique architecture which are non-numeric &spatio temporal in nature and will require no more than accuracy of common neurons.

In recent years, Broadband technology has rapidly become an established, global commodity required by a high percentage of the population. The demand has risen rapidly, with a worldwide installed base of 57 million lines in 2002 rising to an estimated 80 million lines by the end of 2003. This healthy growth curve is expected to continue steadily over the next few years and reach the 200 million mark by 2006. DSL operators, who initially focused their deployments in densely-populated urban and metropolitan areas, are now challenged to provide broadband services in suburban and rural areas where new markets are quickly taking root. Governments are prioritizing broadband as a key political objective for all citizens to overcome the “broadband gap” also known as “digital divide”.

Wireless DSL (WDSL) offers an effective, complementary solution to wireline DSL, allowing DSL operators to provide broadband service to additional areas and populations that would otherwise find themselves outside the broadband loop. Government regulatory bodies are realizing the inherent worth in wireless technologies as a means for solving digital-divide challenges in the last mile and have accordingly initiated a deregulation process in recent years for both licensed and unlicensed bands to support this application. Recent technological advancements and the formation of a global standard and interoperability forum – WiMAX, set the stage for WDSL to take a significant role in the broadband market. Revenues from services delivered via Broadband Wireless Access have already reached $323 million and are expected to jump to $1.75 billion.

A biometric is defined as a unique, measurable, biological characteristic or trait for automatically recognizing or verifying the identity of a human being. Statistically analyzing these biological characteristics has become known as the science of biometrics. These days, biometric technologies are typically used to analyze human characteristics for security purposes. Five of the most common physical biometric patterns analyzed for security purposes are the fingerprint, hand, eye, face, and voice. The use of biometric characteristics as a means of identification. In this paper we will give a brief overview of the field of biometrics and summarize some of its advantages, disadvantages, strengths, limitations, and related privacy concerns. We will also look at how this process has been refined over time and how it currently works.

Molecular biologists are beginning to unravel the information-processing tools such as enzymes that evolution has spent billions of years refining. These tools are now been taken in large numbers of DNA molecules and using them as biological computer processors.

Dr. Leonard Adleman, a well-known scientist, found a way to exploit the speed and efficiency of the biological reactions to solve the “Hamiltonian path problem”, also known as the “traveling salesman problem”.

Based on Dr. Adleman’s experiment, we will explain DNA computing, its algorithms, how to manage DNA based computing and the advantages and disadvantages of DNA computing.

As modern encryption algorithms are broken, the world of information security looks in new directions to protect the data it transmits. The concept of using DNA computing in the fields of cryptography and steganography has been identified as a possible technology that may bring forward a new hope for unbreakable algorithms. Is the fledgling field of DNA computing the next cornerstone in the world of information security or is our time better spent following other paths for our data encryption algorithms of the future?

This paper will outline some of the basics of DNA and DNA computing and its use in the areas of cryptography, steganography and authentication.

Research has been performed in both cryptographic and steganographic situations with respect to DNA computing. The constraints of its high tech lab requirements and computational limitations combined with the labour intensive extrapolation means, illustrate that the field of DNA computing is far from any kind of efficient use in today’s security world. DNA authentication on the other hand, has exhibited great promise with real world examples already surfacing on the marketplace today.

The Grid has the potential to fundamentally change the way science and engineering are done. Aggregate power of computing resources connected by networks—of the Grid— exceeds that of any single supercomputer by many orders of magnitude. At the same time, our ability to carry out computations of the scale and level of detail required, for example, to study the Universe, or simulate a rocket engine, are severely constrained by available computing power. Hence, such applications should be one of the main driving forces behind the development of Grid computing.
Grid computing is emerging as a new environment for solving difficult problems. Linear and nonlinear optimization problems can be computationally expensive. The resource access and management is one of the most important key factors for grid computing. It requires a mechanism with automatically making decisions ability to support computing tasks collaborating and scheduling.

Grid computing is an active research area which promises to provide a flexible infrastructure for complex, dynamic and distributed resource sharing and sophisticated problem solving environments. The Grid is not only a low level infrastructure for supporting computation, but can also facilitate and enable information and knowledge sharing at the higher semantic levels, to support knowledge integration and dissemination.

The concept of a light-tree is introduced in a wavelength-routed optical network. A light-tree is a point-to-multipoint generalization of a lightpath. A lightpath is a point-to-point all-optical wavelength channel connecting a transmitter at a source node to a receiver at a destination node. Lightpath communication can significantly reduce the number of hops (or lightpaths) a packet has to traverse; and this reduction can, in turn, significantly improve the network’s throughput. We extend the lightpath concept by incorporating an optical multicasting capability at the routing nodes in order to increase the logical connectivity of the network and further decrease its hop distance. We refer to such a point-to-multipoint extension as a light-tree. Light-trees cannot only provide improved performance for unicast traffic, but they naturally can better support multicast traffic and broadcast traffic. In this study, we shall concentrate on the application and advantages of light-trees to unicast and broadcast traffic. We formulate the light-tree-based virtual topology design problem as an optimization problem with one of two possible objective functions: for a given traffic matrix,

(i) Minimize the network-wide average packet hop distance, or,
(ii) Minimize the total number of transceivers in the network. We demonstrate that an optimum light-tree-based virtual topology has clear advantages over an optimum light path-based virtual topology with respect to the above two objectives.

Nanotechnology is based on the concept of tiny, self – replicating robots. The Utility Fog is a very simple extension of this idea. Utility Fog is highly advanced nanotechnology which the Technocratic Union has developed as the ultimate multi-purpose tool. It is a user friendly, completely programmable collection of nanomachines that can form a vast range of machinery, from office pins to space ships. It can simulate any material from gas, liquid and solid and it can even be used in sufficient quantities to implement the ultimate in virtual reality.

With the right programming, the robots can exert any force in any direction on the surface of any object. They can support the object so that it apparently floats in air. They can support a person applying the same pressure that a chair would. A programme running in Utility Fog can thus simulate the physical existence of any object.

Utility Fog should be capable of simulating most everyday materials, dynamically changing its form and forming a substrate for an integrated virtual reality. This paper will examine the basic concept, and explore some of the applications of this material.

Rapid advances in low-power computing, communications, and storage technologies continue to broaden the horizons of mobile devices, such as cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). As the use of these devices extends into applications that srequire them to capture, store, access, or communicate sensitive data, (e.g., mobile ecommerce,financial transactions, acquisition and playback of copyrighted content, etc.) security becomes an immediate concern. Left unaddressed, security concerns threaten to impede the deployment of new applications and value-added services, which is an important engine of growth for the wireless, mobile appliance and semiconductor industries. According to a survey of mobile appliance users, 52% cited security concerns as the biggest impediment to their adoption of mobile commerce.

A cell-phone virus is basically the same thing as a computer virus — an unwanted executable file that “infects” a device and then copies itself to other devices. But whereas a computer virus or worm spreads through e-mail attachments and Internet downloads, a cell-phone virus or worm spreads via Internet downloads, MMS (multimedia messaging service) attachments and Bluetooth transfers. The most common type of cell-phone infection right now occurs when a cell phone downloads an infected file from a PC or the Internet, but phone-to-phone viruses are on the rise.
Current phone-to-phone viruses almost exclusively infect phones running the Symbian operating system. The large number of proprietary operating systems in the cell-phone world is one of the obstacles to mass infection. Cell-phone-virus writers have no Windows-level marketshare to target, so any virus will only affect a small percentage of phones.

Infected files usually show up disguised as applications like games, security patches, add-on functionalities and free stuff. Infected text messages sometimes steal the subject line from a message you’ve received from a friend, which of course increases the likelihood of your opening it — but opening the message isn’t enough to get infected. You have to choose to open the message attachment and agree to install the program, which is another obstacle to mass infection: To date, no reported phone-to-phone virus auto-installs. The installation obstacles and the methods of spreadinglimit the amount of damage the current generation of cell-phone virus can do.

Standard operating systems and Bluetooth technology will be a trend for future cell phone features. These will enable cellphone viruses to spread either through SMS or by sending Bluetooth requests when cellphones are physically close enough. The difference in spreading methods gives these two types of viruses’ different epidemiological characteristics. SMS viruses’ spread is mainly based on people’s social connections, whereas the spreading of Bluetooth viruses is affected by people’s mobility patterns and population distribution. Using cellphone data recording calls, SMS and locations of more than 6 million users, we study the spread of SMS and Bluetooth viruses and characterize how the social network and the mobility of mobile phone users affect such spreading processes.

The Smart NoteTaker is such a helpful product that satisfies the needs of the people in today’s technologic and fast life. This product can be used in many ways. The Smart NoteTaker provides taking fast and easy notes to people who are busy one’s self with something. With the help of Smart NoteTaker, people will be able to write notes on the air, while being busy with their work. The written note will be stored on the memory chip of the pen, and will be able to read in digital medium after the job has done. This will save time and facilitate life.

The Smart NoteTaker is good and helpful for blinds that think and write freely. Another place, where our product can play an important role, is where two people talks on the phone. The subscribers are apart from each other while their talk, and they may want to use figures or texts to understand themselves better. It’s also useful especially for instructors in presentations. The instructors may not want to present the lecture in front of the board. The drawn figure can be processed and directly sent to the server computer in the room. The server computer then can broadcast the drawn shape through network to all of the computers which are present in the room. By this way, the lectures are aimed to be more efficient and fun. This product will be simple but powerful. The product will be able to sense 3D shapes and motions that user tries to draw. The sensed information will be processed and transferred to the memory chip and then will be monitored on the display device. The drawn shape then can be broadcasted to the network or sent to a mobile device.

There will be an additional feature of the product which will monitor the notes, which were taken before, on the application program used in the computer. This application program can be a word document or an image file. Then, the sensed figures that were drawn onto the air will be recognized and by the help of the software program we will write, the desired character will be printed in the word document. If the application program is a paint related program, then the most similar shape will be chosen by the program and then will be printed on the screen.

Since, JAVA Applet is suitable for both the drawings and strings, all these applications can be put together by developing a single JAVA program. The JAVA code that we will develop will also be installed on the pen so that the processor inside the pen will type and draw the desired shape or text on the display panel.

An intrusion is an active sequence of related events that deliberately try to cause harm, such as rendering a system unusable, accessing unauthorized information or manipulating such information. To record the information about both successful and unsuccessful attempts, the security professionals place the devices that examine the network traffic, called sensors. These sensors are kept in both front of the firewall (the unprotected area) and behind the firewall (the protected area) and values through comparing the information recorded by the two.

An Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS) can be defined as the tool, methods and resources to help identity, access and report unauthorized activity. Intrusion Detection is typically one part of an overall protection system that is installed around a system or device. IDS work at the network layer of the OSI model and sensors are placed at the choke points on the network. They analyze packets to find specific patterns in the network traffic- if they find such a pattern in the traffic, an alert is logged and a response can be based on data recorded

Until recently, neurobiologists have used computers for simulation, data collection, and data analysis, but not to interact directly with nerve tissue in live, behaving animals. Although digital computers and nerve tissue both use voltage waveforms to transmit and process information, engineers and neurobiologists have yet to cohesively link the electronic signaling of digital computers with the electronic signaling of nerve tissue in freely behaving animals.

Recent advances in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), CMOS electronics, and embedded computer systems will finally let us link computer circuitry to neural cells in live animals and, in particular, to reidentifiable cells with specific, known neural functions. The key components of such a brain-computer system include neural probes, analog electronics, and a miniature microcomputer. Researchers developing neural probes such as sub- micron MEMS probes, microclamps, microprobe arrays, and similar structures can now penetrate and make electrical contact with nerve cells with out causing significant or long-term damage to probes or cells.

Researchers developing analog electronics such as low-power amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters can now integrate these devices with micro- controllers on a single low-power CMOS die. Further, researchers developing embedded computer systems can now incorporate all the core circuitry of a modern computer on a single silicon chip that can run on miniscule power from a tiny watch battery. In short, engineers have all the pieces they need to build truly autonomous implantable computer systems.

Until now, high signal-to-noise recording as well as digital processing of real-time neuronal signals has been possible only in constrained laboratory experiments. By combining MEMS probes with analog electronics and modern CMOS computing into self-contained, implantable Microsystems, implantable computers will free neuroscientists from the lab bench.