SeminarTopics.INFO

The subject gives a brief look on the suitability of composite leaf spring on vehicles and their advantages. Efforts have been made to reduce the cost of composite leaf spring to that of steel leaf spring. The achievement of weight reduction with adequate improvement of mechanical properties has made composite a very replacement material for convectional steel. Material and manufacturing process are selected upon on the cost and strength factor. The design method is selected on the basis of mass production.
From the comparative study, it is seen that the composite leaf spring are higher and more economical than convectional leaf spring.

There is growing interest in biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester or FAME) because of the similarity in its properties when compared to those of diesel fuels. Diesel engines operated on biodiesel have lower emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and air toxics than when operated on petroleum-based diesel fuel. Production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from rapeseed (non edible oil) fatty acid distillate having high free fatty acids (FFA) was investigated in this work. Conditions for transesterification process of rapeseed oil were 1.8 % H2SO4 as catalyst, MeOH/oil of molar ratio 2:0.1 and reaction temperature 65 °C, for a period of 3h. The yield of methyl ester was > 90 % in 1h.

Biodiesel is becoming widely available in most parts of the U.S. and can be substituted for petroleum-based diesel fuel (“petro diesel”) in virtually any standard unmodified diesel engine. Biodiesel offers many advantages over petroleum-based diesel:

• It is made from domestically produced and renewable agricultural products, mainly vegetable oil or animal fat.
• It is essentially non-toxic and biodegradable.
• It has a high flash point (over 300ºF) and is difficult to light on fire with a match.
• It reduces emissions of many toxic air pollutants.
• It functions as an excellent fuel lubricant and performs similarly to low-sulfur diesel with regards to power, torque, and fuel consumption.
• It can greatly reduce carbon emissions.

The single largest source of energy in India after coal is petroleum, about two third of which is imported. The petroleum derived fuels i.e. Motor gasoline and diesel are the two major fuels extensively used today.

The high dependence on imported source of energy is an issue related to energy security of the country. And combustion of fossil fuels has been recognized as a major cause of air pollution in Indian cities. Although CNG and LPG are being promoted as clauses alternatives but both of them are short in supply and we have to depend on imports to meet the requirements. In the new Petroleum policy passed on 6th October this year though CNG and LPG are promoted but petrol and diesel continue to remain are the 2 major fuels to be used.

We therefore need to look for cleaner alternatives which could not only decrease pollution but also our dependence on other countries. Among the various alternatives biofuels like ethanol and bio-diesel which can be produced from a host of biosource can be easily be used as blending components of both petrol and diesel in existing engines without modifications. Unlike CNG and LPG new infrastructure for supply and distribution of fuel. Further these fuels production will help use surplus agriculture produce and help in rural development. Ethanol is used more in petrol engines, bio diesel finds application in diesel engines. They add oxygen to respective fuels, which in turn improves combustion efficiency and reduces harmful exhaust emissions.

The energy crisis is not just a local or national issue but a global one as well. Various groups are responding to energy needs in particular ways—the U.S. and several other countries are looking into synthetic biology to address these problems. Research in this new field, as it is emerging in the United States, is largely devoted to the production of biofuels. Several institutions, which we will call “biofuels interest groups,” envision this energy source to play a significant role in the remediation of current energy challenges. But what are the current challenges that are motivating these groups to pursue this particular resource through a particular and new science such as synthetic biology? After an examination of four of these interest groups, stationed here in the U.S., we have come to the conclusion that the energy crisis to which each group responds is framed by them in a particular way such that biofuels plays a major, if not the only viable and sustainable, role in the remediation of the problem. These groups claim that synthetic biology offers unique and viable paths toward a sustainable future. We will examine exactly what kinds of future are illustrated by each institution—what they mean by a “sustainable future”—by identifying the views, resources, technologies, and management strategies of each group. In addition we will situate them in their human practices context to view not only what they plan to do, but how and to what extent they will carry out their plan. The groups we present are the Joint Bioengineering Institute (JBEI), Amyris Biotechnologies, and the Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI). In order to assess the feasibility of these models outside of the lab we will present a section which provides an overview of the current socio-political atmosphere in which they must operate. This section examines alternative approaches to the energy crisis, motivations for realizing a certain approach, and the decision making forces at play. Two distinct ideologies are represented by the US Department of Energy (DOE) and Tad Patzek to aid in this discussion.

A new concept for flight to orbit is described in this paper. It involves mass addition to an ascending, air-breathing, hypersonic lifting vehicle. General laws for flight to orbit with mass addition are developed, and it is shown that payload capabilities are higher than even the most advanced rocket launchers. Hyperplanes are multipurpose, fully reusable aerospace vehicles. These vehicles are using air-breathing engines and can take-off from any conventional airport. They are multipurpose vehicles in the sense that they be used for passenger or freight transport as well as satellite launching. Detailed studies emerged a new concept for hydrogen-fuelled, horizontal take off, fully reusable, single stage hypersonic vehicle, called HYPERPLANE. Avatar, a mini-aerospace plane, design is a technology demonstrator for hypersonic transportation. It is a scaled down version of hyperplane.

Hyperplanes are multipurpose, fully reusable aerospace vehicles. These vehicles are using air-breathing engines and can take-off from any conventional airport. They are multipurpose vehicles in the sense that they be used for passenger or freight transport as well as satellite launching. The key enabling technology for hyper planes is scramjet engines which uses air breathing engine technology. The hyperplanes requires a booster rocket which will give it the supersonic velocity required for scramjet operation. Thus the hyperplanes require normal jet engines for horizontal take off, then a rocket to boost the velocity and a scramjet to sustain the hypersonic speed. Once operational it can even launch satellites at lesser costs compared to rockets. Many nations are working on hyperplane technology, which include USA, Russia, India etc.The only successful hypersonic flight was shown by X-43 of USA.The hyperplane Avatar which is developed by India is expected to be used as a reusable missile launcher. This would be the most modern technology which will revolutionize the modern day’s travel.Here we will discus about the working ,advantages ,disadvantages and various examples of hyperplanes.

An abrasive is a material, often a mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away. While finishing a material often means polishing it to gain a smooth, reflective surface it can also involve roughening as in satin, matte or beaded finishes.

Abrasives are extremely commonplace and are used very extensively in a wide variety of industrial, domestic, and technological applications. This gives rise to a large variation in the physical and chemical composition of abrasives as well as the shape of the abrasive. Common uses for abrasives include grinding, polishing, buffing, honing, cutting, drilling, sharpening, and sanding (see abrasive machining). (For simplicity, “mineral” in this article will be used loosely to refer to both minerals and mineral-like substances whether man-made or not.)

Files act by abrasion but are not classed as abrasives as they are a shaped bar of metal. However, diamond files are a form of coated abrasive (as they are metal rods coated with diamond powder).

Abrasives give rise to a form of wound called an abrasion or even an excoriation. Abrasions may arise following strong contract with surfaces made things such as concrete, stone, wood, carpet, and roads, though these surfaces are not intended for use as abrasives.

Hydro forming is the process by which water pressure is used to form complex shapes from sheet or tube material.

Applications of hydro forming in automotive industry are gaining globally in popularity. The trend in auto manufacturing of making parts lighter and more complicated with necessary strength reinforcement only where required is on the rise. The capability of hydro forming is more fully used to produce such complicated parts.

Four-wheel steering, 4WS, also called rear-wheel steering or all-wheel steering, provides a means to actively steer the rear wheels during turning maneuvers. It should not be confused with four-wheel drive in which all four wheels of a vehicle are powered. It improves handling and help the vehicle make tighter turns.

Production-built cars tend to understeer or, in few instances, oversteer. If a car could automatically compensate for an understeer/oversteer problem, the driver would enjoy nearly neutral steering under varying conditions. 4WS is a serious effort on the part of automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering.

The front wheels do most of the steering. Rear wheel turning is generally limited to 50-60 during an opposite direction turn. During a same direction turn, rear wheel steering is limited to about 10-1.50.

When both the front and rear wheels steer toward the same direction, they are said to be in-phase and this produces a kind of sideways movement of the car at low speeds. When the front and rear wheels are steered in opposite direction, this is called anti-phase, counter-phase or opposite-phase and it produces a sharper, tighter turn.

Compared with petrol, diesel is the lower quality product of petroleum family. Diesel particles are larger and heavier than petrol, thus more difficult to pulverize. Imperfect pulverization leads to more unburnt particles, hence more pollutant, lower fuel efficiency
and less power.

Common-rail technology is intended to improve the pulverization process. Conventional direct injection diesel engines must repeatedly generate fuel pressure for each injection. But in the CRDI engines the pressure is built up independently of the injection sequence and remains permanently available in the fuel line. CRDI system that uses an ion sensor to provide real-time combustion data for each cylinder. The common rail upstream of the cylinders acts as an accumulator, distributing the fuel to the injectors at a constant pressure of up to 1600 bar. Here high-speed solenoid valves, regulated by the electronic engine management, separately control the injection timing and the amount of fuel injected for each cylinder as a function of the cylinder’s actual need.

In other words, pressure generation and fuel injection are independent of each other. This is an important advantage of common-rail injection over conventional fuel injection systems as CRDI increases the controllability of the individual injection processes and further refines fuel atomization, saving fuel and reducing emissions. Fuel economy of 25 to 35 % is obtained over a standard diesel engine and a substantial noise reduction is achieved due to a more synchronized timing operation. The principle of CRDi is also used in petrol engines as dealt with the GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) , which removes to a great extent the draw backs of the conventional carburetors and the MPFI systems.

Cryogenics is the study of how to get to low temperatures and of how materials behave when they get there. Besides the familiar temperature scales of Fahrenheit and Celsius (Centigrade), cryogenicists use other temperature scales, the Kelvin and Rankine temperature scale. Although the apparatus used for spacecraft is specialized, some of the general approaches are the same as used in everyday life. Cryogenics involves the study of low temperatures from about 100 Kelvin to absolute zero.

One interesting feature of materials at low temperatures is that the air condenses into a liquid. The two main gases in air are oxygen and nitrogen. Liquid oxygen, “lox” for short, is used in rocket propulsion. Liquid nitrogen is used as a coolant. Helium, which is much rarer than oxygen or nitrogen, is also used as a coolant. In more detail, cryogenics is the study of how to produce low temperatures or also the study of what happens to materials when you have cooled them down.

Magnetic refrigeration is a technology that has proven to be environmentally safe. models have shown 25% efficiency improvement over vapor compression systems. In order to make the Magnetic Refrigerator commercially viable, scientists need to know how to achieve larger temperature swings. Two advantages to using Magnetic Refrigeration over vapor compressed systems are no hazardous chemicals used and they can be up to 60% efficient.
There are still some thermal and magnetic hysteresis problems to be solved for these first-order phase transition materials that exhibit the GMCE to become really useful; this is a subject of current research. This effect is currently being explored to produce better refrigeration techniques, especially for use in spacecraft. This technique is already used to achieve cryogenic temperatures in the laboratory setting (below 10K).

The objective of this effort is to determine the feasibility of designing, fabricating and testing a sensor cooler, which uses solid materials as the refrigerant. These materials demonstrate the unique property known as the magneto caloric effect, which means that they increase and decrease in temperature when magnetized/demagnetized. This effect has been observed for many years and was used for cooling near absolute zero. Recently, materials are being developed which have sufficient temperature and entropy change to make them useful for a wide range of temperature applications. The proposed effort includes magneto caloric effect material selection, analyses, design and integration of components into a preliminary design. Benefits of this design are lower cost, longer life, lower weight and higher efficiency because it only requires one moving part – the rotating disk on which the magneto caloric material is mounted. The unit uses no gas compressor, no pumps, no working fluid, no valves, and no ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons/hydro chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s/HCFC’s). Potential commercial applications include cooling of electronics, super conducting components used in telecommunications equipment (cell phone base stations), home and commercial refrigerators, heat pumps, air conditioning for homes, offices and automobiles, and virtually any place that refrigeration is needed.

An electronically controlled vehicle suspension system that can be switched between a hard and a soft state has a mode selection switch that permits an alternative choice between a hard mode that puts the suspension in the hard state and an automatic mode that automatically puts the suspension into the soft or hard state depending upon the vehicle conditions. A control device is also provided that puts the suspension in the automatic mode, in preference to the mode to which the mode selection switches has been set, when the engine key switch is turned on for the start. This electronically controlled suspension system is therefore always in the automatic mode when the engine has been started so that the suspension is automatically switched between the soft and hard states depending on the vehicle conditions, thereby assuring a comfortable ride at all times.

There are three terms often used in precision practices and they are often used incorrectly or in a vague manner. The terms are accuracy, repeatability, and resolution. Because the present discussion is on machining and fabrication methods, the definitions will be in terms related to machine tools. However, these terms have applicability to metrology, instrumentation, and experimental procedures, as well.

Precision engineering deals with many sources of error and its solution. Precision is the most important think in the manufacturing field. Machining is the important part of manufacturing process. Many factor like feedback variables, machine tool variables, spindle variabls,wokpice vaiabls,envronmantal effect thermal errors etc.. affect the accuracy of machine. Main goal of precision engineering is to reduce the uncertainty of dimensions. Achieve the exact dimension is vary difficult . So tolerance is allowed on work piece.

The output of gas engines for cogeneration mainly ranges from 100 to 1 000 kW. The present gas engines are broadly classified in two types: lean-burn system (1) and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio combustion system, with the lower output engines using the stoichiometric Air-fuel ratio combustion system while the medium and large size engines adopting the lean-burn system. The lean-burn system generally features in high generating efficiency and low NOx emission in addition to the excellent endurance of the low-temperature combustion flame.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) and Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. have jointly applied the Miller cycle to a lean-burn gas engine to develop the world’s first gas engine in this class with the generating efficiency standing at 40%. With the 280 kW engine released commercially in April 2000 after having cleared the endurance test over 4 000 hours, this paper describes the main technologies and performance specifications for this engine as well as for the series of engines planned in the future.